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How much pocket money did you get as a child, if any? Was it a regular, weekly allowance, or just occasional one-off payments for chores? Parents around the world have different ideas about the dos and don'ts of pocket money. How much should parents give? Should they track what their children spend money on? And where is the balance between teaching children valuable life lessons and simply spoiling them?您小时候得到了多少零用钱？ 这是常规的，每周的津贴，还是偶尔的一次杂务付款？ 世界各地的父母对零用钱的零用钱有不同的想法。 父母应该给多少？ 他们应该跟踪孩子花钱吗？ 教孩子有价值的生活课程和简单地破坏他们之间的平衡在哪里？Giving children pocket money offers more than just disposable income – it can provide lessons in financial literacy. One of the first things children can learn is that money is finite – once it is spent, there's no more until the next allowance. This awareness can help children learn how to budget and make good financial decisions. For example, they might spend weeks saving up for something big and exciting, rather than spending small amounts immediately. Making money mistakes while the amounts are relatively small can prepare children for when they start handling larger sums of money as adults.2给儿童零用钱不仅提供可支配收入，还可以提供金融知识的课程。 孩子们可以学到的第一件事是金钱是有限的 - 一旦花费了，直到下一个津贴才有。 这种意识可以帮助儿童学习如何预算和做出良好的财务决策。 例如，他们可能会花几个星期的钱为大而激动人心的东西，而不是立即花费少量。 犯金额的时候犯错误，而年龄相对较小，可以为孩子们开始处理成年人时的大笔钱时做好准备。Some parents link pocket money to household chores, teaching kids that hard work and good behaviour is rewarded. Louise Hill is the CEO of GoHenry – a money management service for children. She says that earning through chores encourages financial independence and "ultimately gives much more satisfaction rather than instant gratification". The downside of this, however, is that kids may only help around the house when they receive payment, rather than seeing it as their shared responsibility. In their adolescence, young people may transition to a more lucrative way of earning pocket money – part-time work such as babysitting.一些父母将零用钱与家务联系起来，教孩子努力工作和良好行为得到回报。 路易斯·希尔（Louise Hill）是Gohenry的首席执行官 - Gohenry（儿童资金管理服务）。 她说，通过琐事赚钱会鼓励财务独立性，并“最终给予更多的满足感，而不是即时的满足感”。 但是，不利的是，孩子们在收到付款时只能在房屋周围有所帮助，而不是将其视为他们的共同责任。 在青春期，年轻人可能会过渡到一种更有利可图的赚钱方式 - 兼职工作，例如保姆。Pocket money used to mean exactly that – coins or notes that children could keep in their pocket. And when they're young, seeing physical cash is a good way for them to understand money. But in today's digital world, families are increasingly going cashless. Online money management services are emerging in the market, many of them offering a combination of prepaid debit cards and an app that both child and parent can use to track spending. Some even offer gamified money lessons and the option to set up pots to fulfil savings goals. This modern approach is just another way children can be prepared for adult life, where many transactions are digital.零用钱曾经是确切的意思 - 硬币或指出孩子可以放在口袋里。 当他们年轻时，看到实物现金是他们了解金钱的好方法。 但是在当今的数字世界中，家庭越来越无现金。 在线货币管理服务正在市场上出现，其中许多提供了预付费借记卡以及孩子和父母可以用来跟踪支出的应用程序的组合。 有些人甚至提供游戏的金钱课程，并可以选择设置锅以实现储蓄目标。 这种现代方法只是儿童可以为成人生活做好准备的另一种方式，那里的许多交易都是数字化的。There's no perfect formula when it comes to pocket money, and a lot will depend on family situation and finances. Ultimately, learning to spend wisely, save and even give generously can help children build a healthy relationship with money that can continue into adulthood.关于零用钱，没有完美的公式，很大程度上取决于家庭状况和财务状况。 最终，学会明智地花费，储蓄甚至慷慨地付出可以帮助孩子与可以持续成年的金钱建立健康的关系。

Simply put, to make better digital cameras, you need image sensors with higher numbers of larger photosites. Engineers know this. In fact, it’s basically how they’ve made the best cameras humanity have: giant telescopes that take photos of deep space. But phones don't even have as much sensor space as a standard DSLR camera, let alone the surface area of a massive telescope. In fact, most phone camera sensors are no larger than a pea.简单来说，要制造更好的数码相机，就需要拥有更多、更大的感光元件（photosites）的图像传感器。工程师们对此心知肚明。事实上，人类迄今为止制造出的最强大“相机”——那些拍摄深空的巨型望远镜——正是基于这一原理。然而，手机的传感器面积远小于单反相机，更不用说庞大的望远镜镜面了。实际上，大多数手机相机的传感器都不过豌豆大小。Fortunately, these devices have a technological trick to compensate for their cameras’ tiny size: powerful processors. When you snap a picture on your phone, this pocket-computer starts running complex algorithms, which often begin by secretly taking a string of photos in rapid succession. The algorithms then manipulate these pictures, using math to perfectly align them and identify their best parts before combining the images into one high-quality photo. The end result is an image with less noise, wider dynamic range, and higher resolution than its sensors should be able to achieve.幸运的是，手机拥有一种可以弥补摄像头尺寸不足的技术手段——强大的处理器。当你按下快门拍照时，这个掌上电脑会立即运行复杂的算法，通常会在你毫无察觉的情况下快速连拍多张照片。然后算法会对这些照片进行数学运算，精确对齐每一张图像，挑选出最优部分，再将它们融合成一张高质量的照片。最终生成的图像噪点更少、动态范围更宽、分辨率也远超传感器本身的物理极限。This approach is known as computational photography, and advances here are likely how phone companies will continue to advertise increasingly better cameras without improving their image sensors. Today, these algorithms often leverage machine learning, where phones learn to improve your shots based on patterns found in massive photo databases. For example, night mode prioritizes dynamic range and noise reduction, while portrait mode tells your phone to focus on a central subject and blur the background. Machine learning also allows our phones to do the opposite, unblurring faces to grab quick candid shots. And newer programs can even help you remove unwanted elements altogether.这种方法被称为计算摄影（computational photography）。未来，手机厂商很可能会继续依靠这项技术来宣传“更好的相机”，而不必真正提升传感器硬件。如今，这些算法常常借助机器学习（machine learning），让手机从海量图片数据库中学习如何自动优化你的照片。比如，夜景模式会优先增强动态范围、减少噪点；人像模式则让手机聚焦于主体人物并虚化背景。而机器学习还能反向操作，让手机“去模糊”人脸，从而捕捉自然瞬间。更先进的程序甚至能帮你直接移除照片中不想要的元素。So, with the help of software, even phones with the smallest cameras can snap crisp, detailed photos of loved ones, spectacular views, and of course, lots and lots of food.因此，在强大软件的加持下，即使是最小的手机摄像头，也能拍出清晰细腻的照片——无论是所爱之人的笑容、壮丽的风景，还是那一盘盘令人垂涎的美食。

When the Visualphone VP210 hit the market in 1999, it advertised a never-before-seen feature: a camera. With only 0.11 megapixels and storage for 20 photos, the Visualphone is a relic compared to modern devices sporting three distinct cameras, each with up to 100 times more resolution. But while this technology has improved dramatically in the 21st century, engineers are rapidly approaching a hard limit on phone camera quality.1999年，当Visualphone VP210上市时，它宣传了一项前所未有的功能——摄像头。这个摄像头仅有0.11百万像素，最多能储存20张照片。与当今配备三颗摄像头、分辨率高出上百倍的智能手机相比，Visualphone简直就是古董。然而，尽管这项技术在21世纪突飞猛进，工程师们如今正迅速接近手机相机质量的硬性极限。To understand this limit, we first need to know how phone cameras work. Just like any other digital camera, when your phone takes a picture, light enters through its lens. This lens focuses the light onto an image sensor covered in a grid of photosites— microscopic light sensors roughly 100 times smaller than a grain of sand. There are millions of these sensors, and each one is covered by a red, green, or blue filter, allowing it to measure how much of that color is in the light hitting its location. Then these measurements are simplified, rounding them to less detailed numbers. This stepsacrificessome data, thus lowering the final images’ quality, but it’s essential for the camera’s processor. This computer can only handle so much information as it decrypts the three sets of color data to assemble a digital recreation of the image.要理解这个极限，我们首先得了解手机摄像头的工作原理。和其他数码相机一样，当手机拍照时，光线会通过镜头进入。镜头将光线聚焦到一个图像传感器上，这个传感器表面覆盖着由光敏单元（photosites）组成的网格——这些微型感光元件比一粒沙子小约100倍。这样的感光元件有上百万个，每一个上面都有红、绿或蓝的滤光片，使它能够测量到达该位置的光线中对应颜色的强度。接着，这些测量值会被简化，四舍五入成较粗略的数字。这一步虽然会牺牲部分数据，从而降低最终图像的质量，但却是摄像头处理器运作所必需的。因为这个微型计算机在解读三组颜色数据、重建数字图像的过程中，所能处理的信息量是有限的。While the quality of this final photo depends on every part of the camera, nothing determines the look of a digital picture more than the image sensor. And engineers judge the quality of image sensors based on their performance in three areas. The first is resolution, or level of detail. Sensors with higher numbers of photosites offer better resolution, as the camera can collect more granular light data. Second and third are dynamic range and noise. Dynamic range is the span from light to dark within a single photo, and noise is the graininess that can come from poor lighting, long exposure times, or an overheating camera. Both these factors can be improved by using larger photosites, which can capture more light overall. This wider range of data helps processors better measure the intensity of the incoming light, adding contrast and reducing noise.虽然最终照片的质量取决于相机的每一个部分，但决定数码图像观感的关键因素，莫过于图像传感器。工程师通常从三个方面评估传感器的质量。第一是分辨率，即细节的清晰程度。拥有更多感光元件的传感器能提供更高的分辨率，因为它能收集更细微的光线数据。第二和第三是动态范围与噪点。动态范围指的是一张照片中从最亮到最暗的跨度，而噪点则是由于光线不足、曝光时间过长或摄像头过热而产生的颗粒感。这两者都可以通过使用更大的感光元件来改善，因为更大的感光面积能捕捉到更多光线。更宽的数据范围让处理器能更准确地判断光线强度，从而提升对比度并减少噪点。

So we ended up taking the car back, it was no longer functional, and we decided to place it in an art gallery in Los Angeles. And at this gallery, actually, I got to attend the opening, and at the opening I observed something that I totally did not expect to see, which was purchasers of the key had flown in from all over the country, not just to see the thing that they had touched and interacted with show up in a gallery, but they were actually there to meet each other for the first time. I watched them taking photos and sharing stories of their own individual escapades with the car, and I took a step back and realized this project was never about the car. It was never about the keys. It was about the people. Like, it really was about the friends you make along the way.最后我们把那辆车收回来了，它已经无法使用了，于是我们决定把它放在洛杉矶的一家艺术馆里。开幕那天我也有幸参加，结果我看到了一个完全没预料到的场景——那些曾经买过钥匙的人从全美各地飞来，不只是为了看他们曾经触碰和互动过的东西出现在画廊里，而是为了第一次彼此见面。我看到他们拍照、分享自己和这辆车的冒险故事。那一刻我退后一步，意识到这个项目从来不是关于车，也不是关于钥匙，而是关于人，关于一路上你结交的朋友。And now if you see the car, you'll see it outside, I mean, it looks nothing like it did when we started out. The faux wood paneling is gone, regrettably, but now it's covered in paint, drawings, scribbled messages from complete strangers to other total strangers. It's no longer a car. Now it's a rallying point for this weird little random community that sprang up out of nowhere and gave this thing a life of its own.如果你现在看到那辆车，你会发现它完全不像最初的样子了。人造木板装饰已经没了，虽然有点遗憾，但如今车身上覆盖着涂鸦、画作，以及陌生人写给陌生人的随手留言。它已经不再是一辆车，而成了一个奇怪而随机的社区的聚集点，这个社区凭空出现，却让它拥有了自己的生命。And with that, I'd like to invite each and every one of you to reach under your seat. Because I've placed -- Sorry, sorry, sorry.说到这里，我想邀请在座的每一位伸手到你们的座位下面。因为我放了——啊，对不起，对不起，对不起。They told me not to do that. I did it anyways. This is my first and last TED Talk. Whatever.他们曾经告诉我不要这么做。但我还是做了。这是我第一次也是最后一次TED演讲。随便吧。Anyways, we all know that keys, they start cars just like ATM machines are supposed to dispense cash. Just like Big Red Boots are supposed to be shoes. But in the case of the bad idea, none of these ended up being what they appeared to be on the surface. They ended up taking a life of their own, and they all became something else entirely, for better or for worse. And to me, that's the most exciting thing about it all.总之，我们都知道钥匙是用来发动汽车的，就像ATM机是用来吐钞票的，就像大红靴子理应是鞋子一样。但在“坏点子”的案例里，它们最后都不是表面上看起来的那个东西。它们有了自己的生命，完全变成了别的东西，不论好坏。而对我来说，这正是其中最令人兴奋的地方。I'm not necessarily saying that bad ideas are good ideas. All I'm saying is give yourself a chance to explore the thing that makes you uncomfortable, because you just never know what might happen.我并不是在说坏点子就是好点子。我想说的只是：给自己一个机会去探索那些让你感到不舒服的事物，因为你永远不知道会发生什么。

When you open Pandora's box of bad ideas, clearly the sky's the limit. So let's keep pushing it. I got three minutes.当你打开“坏点子”的潘多拉魔盒时，很明显，没有什么是不能尝试的。所以让我们继续往前推。我还有三分钟。This is a big fruit loop. I don't -- there's not much else to say. It's real. It's about the size of a dinner plate. It takes a lot of milk to put down, but I assure you, it's just as good as the original.这是一个巨大的麦圈。我没什么别的好说的。它是真的，大小差不多有一只餐盘那么大。需要很多牛奶才能吃下去，但我保证，它的味道和原版一样好。This is what we call an Alexagate. It's an electronics device armed with seven ultrasonic speakers at its base that blasts white noise into the mic of any Alexa device to keep it from eavesdropping on you when you're not using it.这是我们称之为 Alexagate 的东西。它是一种电子设备，底部装有七个超声波扬声器，会向 Alexa 设备的麦克风发射白噪音，从而防止 Alexa 在你不用的时候偷听你。And then this one is a life-size sculpture that keeps track of and counts the number of times anyone has touched it. Because if you ever go to a gallery or museum, you know you're not supposed to touch the art. So this is supposed to discourage people touching the art.然后这是一个真人大小的雕塑，它会记录并统计每个人触碰它的次数。因为如果你去过美术馆或博物馆，你就知道艺术品是不能随便碰的。而这个作品的目的，就是让人们更不敢去碰艺术品。Right. Actually, I wanted to wrap up the story about the car because it is real. If you take a second later, it's parked outside. It's here on the loop, so go find it. The car was real. The 5,000 keys were real. We released this to the world in the fall of 2022, and for the following nine months, we actually got to watch this thing change hands hundreds, if not thousands of times, mostly via very peaceful communal meetups and the occasional Grand Theft Auto, which I can't really talk too much about here.好的。实际上，我想把关于那辆车的故事收尾，因为它是真的。等会儿你们可以去看看，它就停在外面，在这附近，所以自己去找吧。车是真的，5,000 把钥匙也是真的。我们在 2022 年秋天把它释放到这个世界里，在接下来的九个月里，我们真的看到它几百次，甚至上千次易手，大多数情况是很和平的社区聚会，当然偶尔也会有“侠盗猎车”的场景出现——不过这个我在这里不能细说。Over that nine months, it started in New York, it made its way down to Philadelphia, it stayed in Philadelphia for a few days. Grand Theft Auto. And then eventually made its way across the Midwest to the West Coast, where nine months later, I mean, the GPS stopped. We kind of assumed that the project was over. Which is OK. It had a glorious life. But then one day I get a call, and it's a call from a tow pound. And the tow pound is saying, "Hey, we're pretty sure that we have your car because it is registered under your name. But it's such a weird thing because people keep showing up and claiming the car, and they all have keys that work."在那九个月中，它最初出现在纽约，然后一路到费城，在费城停留了几天（期间发生了一次“侠盗猎车”事件）。后来，它又穿过中西部，一直到了西海岸。九个月后，GPS 信号消失了，我们就以为这个项目结束了。没关系，它已经有过辉煌的一生。但某天我接到一个电话，来自一个拖车场。拖车场的人说：“嘿，我们很确定有一辆车是你的，因为它登记在你的名下。但怪事是，不断有人来认领这辆车，而且他们手里都有能开的钥匙。”

I'm glad you guys think it's funny. I thought it was horrifying. So it wasn't enough for us to just make this. We had to put it in the right place. Does it go outside our studio in Brooklyn? Do we put it in Times Square? My colleagues and I conferred for a little bit, and we realized there's only one place that this thing can ever go. It's Art Basel Miami.很高兴你们觉得这件事好笑。但在我看来，它其实挺可怕的。所以，光是做出这台机器还不够，我们必须把它放在合适的地方。是放在布鲁克林的工作室门口？还是放在时代广场？我和同事们商量了一下，最后发现，这东西唯一合适的地方就是 迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展。So we take it to Miami. Somehow, we get our way into a gallery and we get into a booth. And on day one, people were actually a little bit hesitant to engage, which I totally get it. It's a little bit shady. It's participatory, I understand. But eventually people would muster up the courage to swipe their card. They would clock in at like 100 dollars in their bank account balance, maybe 1,200 dollars in their bank account balance. By the end of the day, however, someone ended up swiping and clocked in at 12,000 dollars in their bank account balance. And then things started to get a little bit weird.于是我们把它运到迈阿密。不知怎么的，我们成功挤进了一家画廊，弄到一个展位。第一天，人们其实有点犹豫，不太敢尝试，我完全理解——它看起来确实有点阴间操作，而且是参与式的。但最终，人们还是鼓起勇气刷了卡。有人显示账户里有 100 美元，有人显示 1,200 美元。但到了当天结束时，有人刷卡显示账户里有 12,000 美元，事情开始变得微妙起来。The next day, a famous celebrity DJ named Diplo showed up with his entire entourage, pulled out his debit card, swiped it in the machine, clocked in at three million dollars in his bank account, and shot to the top of the leaderboard. And honestly, the rest is kind of hazy because a crowd amassed so huge around the ATM machine for the following three days that the art fair actually assigned five extra security guards not to protect the ATM machine, but to keep the crowd from bumping into the artworks of the neighboring galleries, which was actually very funny.第二天，一位著名的明星 DJ —— Diplo 带着他的随行人员出现在展会。他掏出借记卡，在机器上刷了一下，结果账户余额显示 三百万美元，直接登上排行榜首位。接下来的情况有点模糊了，因为在随后的三天里，这台 ATM 机前聚集了庞大的人群，以至于艺术博览会不得不额外安排五个保安——不是为了保护这台 ATM 机，而是为了防止人群撞到隔壁画廊的艺术品。这件事本身就很搞笑。But the most interesting thing that I got to observe here was this unexpected crowd dynamic where when people with astonishingly low bank accounts would swipe their cards, in front of this captive audience, by the way -- and I'm talking really low, like two dollars, concerningly low --但对我来说，最有趣的观察点在于，那些账户余额极低的人刷卡时，意外引发的人群反应。注意，我说的是真的很低，比如只有 两美元，低到令人担心的程度——而且是在一群观众面前公开显示的时候。They would swipe, they would get ranked at the bottom, and then they would turn around to face the audience, and the audience would lose their minds -- they were cheering and screaming and celebrating and clapping and taking pictures. And it was sincere. It was actually like this wholesome "one of us"-like celebration, which was not anything that we expected.↳他们刷完卡，显示在排行榜最底端，然后转过身面对观众。观众却沸腾了——欢呼、尖叫、庆祝、鼓掌、拍照，而且是发自内心的。那感觉就像一种真诚的“你是我们中的一员”的集体庆祝，这完全出乎我们的意料。And then to sort of wrap up that week, the funny thing is, a buyer ended up acquiring the ATM machine as a sculpture for a whopping 75,000 dollars. But the funny thing to me is, I don't think that person ever realized that the artwork was not the ATM machine. The artwork was the act of people engaging with the ATM machine. The actual artwork was the relationships that people developed with one another via the ATM machine.到了那周的尾声，最有趣的是，有人最后以 7.5 万美元 的高价把这台 ATM 当作雕塑买走了。但在我看来好笑的是，我不觉得那位买家意识到：真正的艺术作品并不是这台 ATM 机本身，而是人们与这台 ATM 的互动。真正的艺术，是人们通过这台机器彼此之间建立的关系。See, when we made this thing originally, we were pretty sure it was going to reflect all the worst parts of humanity at Art Basel Miami. But we were wrong. It ended up just being a random crowd of total strangers having a great time together in one big awkward, shared moment of financial transparency.你要知道，当我们最初制作这个东西时，我们确信它会在迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展上揭露人性最糟糕的一面。但我们错了。最后它却成了一个随机的陌生人群体，在一种巨大而尴尬、却共同的“财务透明时刻”中，一起度过了愉快的时光。Oh, I'm not done yet. I'm not done yet. So.哦，我还没讲完呢，我真的还没讲完。好了

So you've probably figured out by now that I'm not actually here to sell you keys to a car. Today I'm here to talk to you about bad ideas. The kind of ideas that typically die on the vine because reason or work colleagues get in the way. But to me, these are the most exciting ideas because you just never know what might happen.你们大概已经猜到了，我其实不是来卖车钥匙的。今天我想谈的是“坏点子”。这种点子通常在一开始就会被扼杀，因为理性思考或同事的否决会把它挡在路上。但在我看来，这些恰恰是最令人兴奋的点子，因为你永远不知道它们最终会变成什么。Take these crazy-looking shoes, for example. I think it was like the spring of 2023. My colleagues and I were sketching out the initial prototypes of the Big Red Boot. I remember us being equal parts terrified because, of course, like, who's going to wear these, much less spend money on them? But at the same time, the moment that we put on the initial prototypes ourselves --就拿这双长得很疯狂的鞋子来说吧。我记得那大概是 2023 年的春天，我和同事们在画 Big Red Boot 的最初原型。当时我们既兴奋又害怕，因为很自然的想法就是——谁会穿这种鞋？更别提花钱去买了。但与此同时，当我们自己第一次穿上原型鞋的那一刻——We were filled with such a chaotic sense of glee that we were like, you know what, we just got to do it. So we committed to making a couple hundred pairs, we priced them at 350 dollars and we just prayed that there would be a few hundred people out there in the world who would spend money on these crazy-looking things.我们心里涌起了一种混乱却强烈的喜悦感，于是我们想：“算了，不管了，干吧！”于是我们决定做几百双，把价格定在 350 美元，只能祈祷世界上会有几百个人愿意花钱买下这种看起来疯狂的东西。So a week before the drop, we leaked this image through a friend's Instagram account. Again, just hoping that people don't hate it, or even worse, that they don't ignore it. In hindsight, we needn't have worried. The algorithm smiled quite fondly upon the Big Red Boot, and all of a sudden this thing was everywhere. Like, I don't even, I can't even. It's basically like a blur. I don't understand what happened.在正式发售前一周，我们通过一个朋友的 Instagram 账号泄露了这张照片。再次，只是希望人们不要讨厌它，更不要完全无视它。结果回过头来看，我们根本不需要担心。算法很“宠爱”这双 Big Red Boot，突然之间，它火遍了各个角落。老实说，我甚至都说不清楚是怎么回事，一切都像是一阵模糊的旋风。All of a sudden, people were wearing them courtside at NBA games. I saw Lil Wayne wearing them in amusicvideo. I remember my dad calling me and saying, "Hey, Gabe, there's a professional WWE wrestler wearing your boots on live pay-per-view TV. And he just curb stomped another guy."转眼之间，人们穿着它出现在 NBA 球场边。我看到 Lil Wayne 在一支音乐录影带里穿着它。我还记得我爸打电话告诉我：“嘿，Gabe，有个职业 WWE 摔跤选手在付费直播里穿着你的靴子，他刚刚用它踩翻了另一个人。”It's incredible. And yet we almost didn't do it. This is almost where it ended. Just as an internal project on the cutting room floor. People told us it was not a great business decision. And honestly, I get it. But what started as a bad idea ended up becoming a very interesting idea.这太不可思议了。但我们差点就没做这件事，差点它就停留在内部项目阶段，被放在角落里废弃。很多人告诉我们，这不是一个很好的商业决策。说实话，我理解他们的想法。但一个最初的坏点子，最终却变成了一个非常有趣的点子。Here's another one. The idea was an ATM machine. Totally normal, functional, operational, extremely legal ATM machine, with one catch. Attached to the ATM machine, as you see, is a digital leaderboard that ranks people based on the amount of money in their remaining account balances.再来一个例子。这次的点子是一台自动取款机。完全正常、功能齐全、合法合规的 ATM 机，但有一个特别之处：在 ATM 机上安装了一块电子排行榜，它会根据用户账户的剩余余额多少来对他们进行排名。

Good morning everyone. My name is Gabe. I'm a traveling car salesman. So today, I'm here to sell you the keys to this car, this beautiful vintage PT Cruiser. I mean, look at that faux wood side paneling. I'm told it's got turbo. Look. It's a work of art. Trust me.大家早上好。我叫 Gabe。我是一名四处奔波的汽车推销员。今天，我来是要把这辆车的钥匙卖给你们——这辆漂亮的复古 PT Cruiser。看看这仿木纹的侧板，多特别。我听说它还有涡轮增压。看看吧，这就是一件艺术品。相信我。Now, when I say that I'm selling the keys to this car, I really mean it. I have 5,000 of these keys, and every single last one of them works to that car. You click the key fob once, it unlocks the door, you click it twice, it starts the engine. If you buy any one of these 5,000 keys from me, naturally you get access to the car, but so do 4,999 other people. Whatever happens beyond that is not necessarily my problem. Like I said, I'm just a car salesman.当我说我要卖这辆车的钥匙时，我是认真的。我有 5,000 把这样的钥匙，而且每一把都能打开这辆车。按一次遥控器，它就解锁车门；按两次，它就启动引擎。如果你从我这里买走这 5,000 把钥匙中的任意一把，你当然能开这辆车，但另外 4,999 个人也能开。至于之后会发生什么，那不一定是我的问题。就像我说的，我只是个卖车的。So you're probably wondering at this point, is this real? Is this guy just making this stuff up? Well, it is real. My name is Gabe, and I'm actually the founder of an art collective based in New York City, called Mschf. These are our logos.你们现在大概会想，这是真的吗？这家伙是不是在胡编乱造？其实，这是真的。我叫 Gabe，我实际上是一个艺术团体的创始人，这个团体位于纽约市，名字叫 Mschf。这些是我们的标志。Mischief is a bit of a difficult beast to explain, and I'm not going to even try to describe it. Let me give you a couple examples to help paint that picture or confuse you even further.Mschf（恶作剧）是个很难解释的东西，我甚至不打算尝试去定义它。让我给你几个例子，可能能帮你了解一点，或者让你更加困惑。Handbags. Handbags are really expensive, and incredibly, the smaller they get, the more expensive they become. So a few summers ago, we actually endeavored to make the world's smallest handbag, microscopic, in fact, and somehow it ended up selling at auction for 63,000 dollars, incidentally making it the world's most expensive handbag per volume.手袋。手袋非常昂贵，而且不可思议的是，它们越小，反而越贵。于是几年前的一个夏天，我们真的去尝试制作了世界上最小的手袋——实际上是显微镜下才能看到的大小。结果它竟然在拍卖会上以 63,000 美元成交，顺便也让它成了单位体积价格最贵的手袋。Here's another one. This is nothing like a handbag. You’ve probably seen those Boston Dynamics Spot dog robots that do TikTok dances with K-pop stars on YouTube. Well, we managed to get one. Instead of making it dance, we strapped a paintball gun to it and we connected it remotely to a website where people could take turns driving it and firing it at an art gallery that we constructed. Boston Dynamics did not like that one very much.再举一个例子。这和手袋完全不同。你们大概见过波士顿动力公司的 Spot 机器人狗吧？在 YouTube 上它们常常和韩流明星一起跳 TikTok 舞。我们设法搞到了一只。但我们没让它跳舞，而是给它绑上一把彩弹枪，然后把它远程连接到一个网站上，让人们轮流操控它，开着它朝我们搭建的艺术画廊射击。波士顿动力公司对这件事可不太高兴。

Once again, there are many possibilities, all consistent with the data. Some with a lot more metal, some with less. And the difference is a measure of uncertainties. This enables us to know where we should collect information next, where we should drill the next hole, and when we can stop drilling and actually start building a mine.再一次，我们面对的是许多种可能性，而这些可能性都与现有数据相符。有些含有更多金属，有些则更少。而这种差异，正是我们对不确定性的衡量。这让我们能够判断下一步该在哪里收集信息、在哪里钻下一个孔，以及什么时候可以停止钻探，转而真正开始建矿。To build the mine of the future, we continue to contend with this uncertainty. The industry designs an entire mine based on a single model. We're developing KoBold mine, a mine-design optimization tool that looks at the many possible mine designs against the many possible ore body geometries that we talked about earlier. This enables the best decisions about how much ore we're going to mine, how much waste we're going to produce, how much water we'll use, the cash flows, and so on.为了建造未来的矿山，我们必须继续应对这种不确定性。矿业行业往往是基于单一模型去设计整个矿山。而我们正在开发 KoBold Mine——一种矿山设计优化工具，它会结合我们之前提到的各种可能的矿体几何结构，来对比和评估多种矿山设计方案。这使我们能够做出最优决策，比如将开采多少矿石、会产生多少废料、需要多少用水、现金流如何等等。This enables the best mine planning decisions about where to put permanent infrastructure, like a shaft. Where the traffic and the tunnels will be placed so we can make efficient decisions, and also how we can maximize the ore and the metal we get and minimize the waste. This technology will move into mine operations to help guide day-to-day decisions for efficiencies.这还使我们能在矿山规划中做出最佳决策，例如永久性基础设施（如竖井）应该放在哪里，交通路线和隧道应该如何布局，以便做出高效的选择。同时还能帮助我们最大化矿石和金属的产出，并将废料最小化。这项技术最终会被应用到矿山运营中，用来指导日常决策，提升效率。Better predictions don't just mean profitability. It means a safer mine, knowing where the rocks are weaker. It means an environmentally sustainable mine so we can lessen our impact on the environment. And it also means a resilient mine with cash flows to support local communities and businesses through different commodity pricing cycles.更好的预测不仅仅意味着更高的盈利，它还意味着矿山的安全性更高，因为我们能知道哪些地方的岩石更脆弱。它意味着更具环境可持续性的矿山，从而减少对环境的影响。它也意味着矿山具备更强的韧性，能够在不同商品价格周期中，依然保持现金流，进而支持当地社区和企业的发展。Our Mingomba project in Zambia will be the mine of the future. It's being designed and developed by amazing talent from around the world, including Zambians and Africans like myself. We face the reality that our need for these materials will continue to grow because our lifestyles are going to advance and they're going to demand for it. So the mining industry must ensure they transform so we can become responsible miners and build better mines with better technology. Asante and thank you.我们在赞比亚的明贡巴（Mingomba）项目将成为未来的矿山。它正在由来自世界各地的杰出人才设计和开发，其中也包括像我这样的赞比亚人和非洲人。我们必须面对一个现实：对这些资源的需求将会持续增长，因为我们的生活方式在不断进步，而进步本身就会带来需求。因此，矿业必须确保自身实现转型，让我们能够成为负责任的矿工，利用更先进的技术去建设更好的矿山。Asante！（谢谢）非常感谢大家。

The incumbent industry deals with this problem by ignoring it. They pick one possible answer and act like the other ones don't exist. And as a result, we design suboptimal mines, make suboptimal decisions, often mining unnecessary material.现有的矿业行业处理这个问题的方式是忽视它。他们只选择一个可能的答案，然后假装其他可能性不存在。结果就是，我们设计出的矿山并不理想，做出的决策也并不优化，经常还会开采大量不必要的物料。We've invented a different way. We collect all the possibilities consistent with the data measured, and we do this by simulating the physical response of each of the arrangement of rocks. We do this 10,000 times faster by training an AI to learn the relevant physics of the rock beneath, in the time it takes the conventional method to test one. That means we collect better data, we make better predictions of where to look next. So if you had a rock body and a rock body that's denser than material around it, you might drill through the middle of it. But if you have all the hundreds of thousands of possible solutions, the best thing you can do is to collect data where you're the most uncertain and rigorously eliminate as many possibilities as possible. This enables us to maximize the information we get for every dollar we spend, and we do this repeatedly so we can quantify our uncertainties.我们发明了一种不同的方法。我们会收集所有与测量数据相符的可能性，并通过模拟各种岩石组合的物理反应来实现这一点。借助人工智能学习地下岩石相关物理特性，我们的速度比传统方法快上 10,000 倍——在传统方法只能测试一个的时间里，我们能完成成千上万次模拟。这意味着我们能收集到更好的数据，进而对下一步的勘探地点做出更好的预测。比如，如果你发现一个岩体，其密度大于周围的物质，你可能会选择直接在它的中间钻探。但如果你手上有成千上万种可能的解决方案，最明智的做法就是在最不确定的地方收集数据，并尽可能严格地排除掉不可能的情况。这让我们能够最大化每一美元投入所获得的信息，并且我们会不断重复这一过程，从而量化我们的不确定性。Even after we've made an ore body discovery, we still have to contend with this uncertainty. We have to define the size and shape of this ore body. Let me illustrate how difficult this is. So now, 1,000 meters below your feet, you drilled, you sampled the rock and you determined that it has five percent copper. So now you know, you've got your data point and your observation. Now, I ask you to make a prediction of the concentration of copper of the person sitting next to you.即便我们发现了一个矿体，仍然需要面对这种不确定性。我们必须界定这个矿体的大小和形状。让我来说明这有多困难。假设现在你在脚下 1000 米处钻探，取出了岩石样本，并测定其铜含量为 5%。到这里，你得到了一条数据点和一个观测结果。接下来，我让你预测一下：坐在你旁边的人脚下 1000 米处的铜含量是多少？What would your prediction be and how confident would you be in your prediction? What about across the room? Think of any person across this room and try to predict 1,000 meters below them. What about in the next building or the next city? This is the vast challenge that we face. We've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock, collected several football fields apart from each other, for which we're trying to make predictions of all the rock properties in between.你的预测会是什么？你对这个预测有多少信心？那么房间另一头呢？想象一下房间那头的某个人，试着预测他脚下 1000 米处的铜含量。那隔壁大楼呢？或者下一座城市呢？这就是我们面临的巨大挑战。我们只采集了极少量的岩石样本，而且这些样本之间相隔相当于几个足球场的距离，却要用这些数据去预测其间所有岩石的属性。This technology has helped us move fast in Zambia, where I come from, to design and develop a mine based on our predictions for which we've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock.这种技术已经帮助我们在我来自的赞比亚快速推进，仅凭极少量的岩石样本和我们的预测，就能够设计并开发出一座矿山。

So we need to look deeper. Controversially, we've been taught that these materials will run out. We don't lack ore body deposits. We lack information of where they lie. So if you had a crystal ball, you'd just look into it and start digging out the rocks that are the best and generate the least waste. But we don't have a crystal ball. So the thing that we should do is make predictions of where these materials lie.所以我们需要向更深处探索。一直以来，存在一种争议性的说法：这些矿产资源会枯竭。但实际上，我们并不缺少矿体，我们缺少的是关于它们分布位置的信息。如果你有一个水晶球，只要看一眼，就能直接去挖掘那些品质最好、废料最少的矿石。但现实是我们没有水晶球，所以我们必须依靠预测，推断这些矿产究竟分布在哪里。My colleagues and I at KoBold are doing what the industry has neglected to do. We aim to predict everything, quantify what we don't know and collect information efficiently. So we're all going to try that right now. I want you to predict 1,000 meters below your feet what the concentration of copper is right where you're sitting. I want you to predict how hard it is, how fractured it is, what's its density? We aim to predict all these things and more. We're developing machine learning technologies that help us predict all of this and rigorously quantify our uncertainties in these predictions. So what does this look like in practice?我和在 KoBold 的同事们正在做这个行业长期忽视的事情。我们的目标是尽可能预测一切，将未知进行量化，并高效地收集信息。现在我想让你们也来尝试一下：试着预测你脚下 1000 米深处的铜浓度是多少？它的硬度如何？裂隙程度怎样？密度又是多少？我们希望能够预测所有这些，甚至更多。为此，我们正在开发机器学习技术，帮助我们完成这些预测，并严格地量化预测中的不确定性。那么，这在实际操作中会是什么样子呢？When we're exploring for mines, we often fly aircraft thousands of kilometers across the Earth to try collect information such as the Earth's magnetism, its gravitational field, that tells us something about the rocks beneath. But there's a problem. For everything that we're looking at, there are going to be an infinite number of possibilities. And that's because we're building three-dimensional models to fit two-dimensional data. So if a body was smaller and closer to the surface or larger and further away, the measurement would be the same. So this body will also fit the data. And will this one, and this one, and many more.当我们进行矿产勘探时，通常会驾驶飞机在地球上飞行数千公里，以收集数据，例如地球的磁场和引力场信息，这些数据能告诉我们地表下岩石的一些特征。但这里有一个问题：我们观察到的每一个现象，都可能对应无数种可能的解释。这是因为我们用二维数据去构建三维模型。举例来说，如果一个矿体比较小但更接近地表，或者比较大但埋得更深，它们的测量结果可能完全一样。所以，这个矿体可以匹配数据，而另一个也可以，再一个也行，还有更多。

I was born and raised in Zambia, a country known for its rich copper mining history. Alignment of the stars meant that by birth and by science, I became a miner. Everything we build and use was either grown or mined. From the walls to the windows, the tables and the chairs, your phones, your computers, the stage, my copper earrings and maybe your jewelry.我在赞比亚出生并长大，这个国家以丰富的铜矿开采历史闻名。命运与科学的安排，使我自然而然成为了一名矿工。我们建造和使用的一切，要么是种出来的，要么是挖出来的。从墙壁到窗户，从桌子到椅子，从你的手机到电脑，从舞台到我戴的铜耳环，甚至可能还有你的首饰。So today when we talk about building a circular economy, we mean we need to electrify everything. Our economies will have cars and trucks, robots, drones and aircraft powered by batteries. Our children will need computers in all schools with equal access, and we'll have data centers full of advanced chips to bring us AI, all sourced by abundant sources of renewable energy. The raw materials we'll need will be recyclable so we can become clean and circular. So that means a lot more lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel and others. So we need to build more than 400 new mines by 2040 for us to become circular.所以今天当我们谈论构建循环经济时，意思是我们必须让一切实现电气化。我们的经济体系将拥有由电池驱动的汽车和卡车、机器人、无人机和飞机。我们的孩子们将在所有学校里都能平等地使用电脑，而我们也会有充满先进芯片的数据中心来为我们带来人工智能，而这一切都将依赖丰富的可再生能源。我们所需要的原材料必须是可回收的，这样我们才能实现清洁和循环。因此，这意味着需要更多的锂、铜、钴、镍以及其他矿物。到 2040 年，我们需要建立超过 400 座新矿山，才能实现循环经济。But before you can build a mine, you have to find the raw materials. The thing is, today's mining industry leaders are doing too little to advance our qualities of life. In other industries that rely on discovery for growth, like pharmaceuticals and technology, for every dollar they return to shareholders, they spend about a dollar in R and D. In mining, however, for every dollar returned to shareholders, less than a penny is spent in exploration. With such underinvestment, it shouldn't surprise you that the technology used in exploration and mining has barely advanced. In fact, we've gotten ten times worse in the last 30 years at making ore body discoveries.但在你建矿之前，首先必须找到原材料。问题在于，当今的矿业领袖们在提升我们的生活质量方面做得太少。在其他依赖发现推动增长的行业，比如制药业和科技行业，每返还一美元给股东，他们大约会投入一美元用于研发。然而在矿业中，每返还一美元给股东，用于勘探的投入却不到一分钱。在如此严重的投资不足下，你不应该对矿业勘探和开采技术几乎毫无进步感到惊讶。事实上，在过去 30 年里，我们在发现矿体方面的效率已经降低了十倍。But there's good news. The vast majority of ore deposits are still out there waiting to be found. They're just harder to find. Of all the past mines we know of, they were easy because they were poking out of the surface and they were near the surface.但好消息是，绝大多数矿床仍然存在，正等待我们去发现。只是它们变得更难寻找了。我们已知的那些过去的矿山之所以容易发现，是因为它们要么直接露出地表，要么距离地表非常近。

Somewhere on a farm in Iowa in 2010, a hen lays an egg. In just a few short weeks, this egg will be part of a massive infection event: thousands of people will fall ill, millions of eggs will be recalled, and several egg industry titans will ultimately land in jail, all thanks to a microscopic but mighty bacterium.2010年，在爱荷华州的一座农场里，一只母鸡产下了一枚鸡蛋。仅仅几个星期后，这枚鸡蛋将成为一场大规模感染事件的一部分：成千上万的人会生病，数百万枚鸡蛋将被召回，而几位蛋业巨头最终会锒铛入狱，而这一切都源于一种微小却强大的细菌。Salmonella infects millions worldwide each year, causing fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. And these effects can be extreme: Salmonella is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from food poisoning.↳每年，全世界有数百万人感染沙门氏菌，导致发烧、胃痉挛和腹泻。这些影响可能非常严重：沙门氏菌是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。So, let’s follow this microbe to find out how it makes so many people sick.那么，让我们跟随这种微生物，看看它是如何让如此多人患病的。We begin in the chicken's digestive tract, a major source of all Salmonella infections. In chickens, Salmonella bacteria often go undetected, allowing them to spread to eggs either through the developing yolk or by passing through feces, which can then contaminate shells. Under unhygienic farming conditions, this Salmonella-laden feces may also infect or contaminate other animals and crops, causing various food-linked outbreaks. Meanwhile, chicken meat can be exposed to intestinal Salmonella during processing.我们从鸡的消化道开始，它是所有沙门氏菌感染的主要来源。在鸡体内，沙门氏菌常常不易被察觉，它们可能通过正在发育的蛋黄传播到鸡蛋中，或通过粪便排出并污染蛋壳。在不卫生的养殖条件下，这些含有沙门氏菌的粪便还可能感染或污染其他动物和农作物，导致各种与食物相关的疫情。同时，在加工过程中，鸡肉也可能接触到肠道中的沙门氏菌。On its journey from farm to plate, the microbe can survive extreme cold, wet, and dry conditions. However, once it moves into a human body, Salmonella reveals its true talents for survival. The first hurdle is the stomach. Here, most bacterial invaders are killed off by stomach acid. But Salmonella cells can detect acidic conditions, which triggers the production of acid shock proteins. These molecules shield the bacteria from damage just long enough for it to pass into the intestines.↳在从农场到餐桌的旅途中，这种微生物能在极端的寒冷、潮湿和干燥环境中生存。然而，一旦进入人体，沙门氏菌便展现出它真正的生存本领。第一道关卡是胃。在这里，大多数细菌入侵者都会被胃酸消灭。但沙门氏菌能感知酸性环境，从而触发酸冲击蛋白的产生。这些分子保护细菌免受伤害，正好能支撑它们进入肠道。Salmonella then faces the next gauntlet, as intestinal cells swiftly unleash microbe-destroying immune cells. But once again, the bacteria detect these changes with inbuilt sensors. And embedded within Salmonella’s genome are pathogenicity islands, clusters of adaptive genes that launch the next phase of attack. They signal the construction of a specialized system that resembles a needle and syringe. Within seconds, it injects molecules called effector proteins into the intestinal cells, causing them to change their structure and swallow up the Salmonella. Once inside, Salmonella can then exploit the cell machinery to replicate and spread.接着，沙门氏菌面对下一道挑战：肠道细胞会迅速释放出能消灭微生物的免疫细胞。但细菌再次利用内置的感应器来探测这些变化。在沙门氏菌的基因组中，存在着致病岛——一组自适应基因簇，它们会启动下一阶段的攻击。它们指令细菌构建一个类似针管的特殊系统。在几秒钟内，沙门氏菌就能将效应蛋白注入肠道细胞，使其结构发生变化并吞噬沙门氏菌。一旦进入细胞，沙门氏菌就能利用细胞的机制进行复制和扩散。But these invaded intestinal cells don’t go down without a fight— as soon as this breach begins, they release cytokines, chemical messengers that prompt the immune system to launch into action. Fleets of white blood cells seek out and destroy Salmonella microbes and infected cells. This inflammatory response is also what leads to symptoms like abdominal pains and fever. And it further damages the breached intestinal cells, limiting their usual ability to absorb water. So, whatever’s in the digestive tract gets released in watery diarrhea.但这些被入侵的肠道细胞并不会坐以待毙——一旦入侵开始，它们就会释放细胞因子，这是一种化学信使，能促使免疫系统立即行动。大量白细胞会追踪并摧毁沙门氏菌以及被感染的细胞。这种炎症反应也正是导致腹痛和发烧等症状的原因。此外，它还会进一步损伤受侵的肠道细胞，限制它们正常吸收水分的能力。于是，消化道中的物质就会以水样腹泻的形式排出体外。While this inflammatory response may feel unpleasant, it effectively purges Salmonella from the body within 2 to 7 days for most people, without the need for antibiotics.虽然这种炎症反应令人不适，但对大多数人而言，它能在 2 到 7 天内有效清除体内的沙门氏菌，而无需使用抗生素。But there are times when a Salmonella infection may require more treatment. It can lead to severe dehydration, particularly in children and older patients. And in some unusual cases, Salmonella can continue to spread through the body, hiding inside immune cells, invading other organs and tissues, and even poisoning the blood. These cases occur if a person is infected by a rare but powerful type of Salmonella called S. typhi. Unlike other strains, S. typhi doesn’t infect chickens— It spreads from person to person, mainly via poor sanitation and untreated drinking water. Although it’s uncommon in many parts of the world, typhoid fever, the disease that S. typhi causes, still kills over 100,000 people yearly.但有时沙门氏菌感染需要更多治疗。它可能导致严重脱水，尤其是在儿童和老年患者中。而在一些少见的情况下，沙门氏菌会继续在体内传播，藏身于免疫细胞中，侵入其他器官和组织，甚至引发败血症。这些情况多发生在感染了一种罕见但强大的沙门氏菌——伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhi）时。与其他菌株不同，S. typhi 不会感染鸡，它主要通过人际传播，尤其是因卫生条件差或饮用未处理的水而传播。尽管在世界许多地区并不常见，但由 S. typhi 引起的伤寒每年仍导致超过 10 万人死亡。Thankfully, there are vaccines to prevent infection by S. typhi. To avoid milder variants, there are steps that everyone can take, like washing your hands, avoiding unpasteurized milk, and cooking meat and eggs thoroughly. Cookie dough should be off limits: raw eggs and flour both carry a Salmonella risk.幸运的是，目前已有疫苗可以预防 S. typhi 的感染。为了避免较轻型的变种感染，每个人都可以采取一些措施，比如勤洗手、避免饮用未经消毒的牛奶、彻底煮熟肉类和鸡蛋。饼干生面团则应避免食用：因为生鸡蛋和面粉都存在沙门氏菌风险。And there are ways to stop Salmonella at its source. Investigations into the outbreak in 2010 revealed one company's dark history of unhygienic farming conditions, bribery of health officials, and mislabeled eggs. Since then, the United States has taken steps to put stricter regulations in place. In Europe, many countries have successfully reduced Salmonella by requiring testing on farms and before products reach shelves. But there's still work to be done if we want to stop the spread of this incredibly crafty pathogen.同时，也有办法从源头阻止沙门氏菌。对2010年疫情的调查揭示了一家公司不为人知的黑暗历史：不卫生的养殖环境、行贿卫生官员以及错误标记鸡蛋。自那以后，美国采取了更严格的监管措施。而在欧洲，许多国家通过要求在农场和产品上架前进行检测，成功减少了沙门氏菌的传播。但如果我们想要彻底阻止这种极具狡猾性的病原体传播，仍有大量工作要做。

The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺，其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环，尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示，这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum.这项发现，发表在《自然》杂志上，颠覆了目前已有的观点，即这些动物的铠甲是在数千万年的时间里逐渐进化形成的。正相反，这项发现表明这些铠甲一开始精巧复杂，可能是为了交配和求偶，而之后变得更加简单，可能成为了抵御捕食者的更有效的保护，这是自然历史博物馆苏珊娜·梅德门教授的观点。The ankylosaur is the oldest discovered to date and is the first to be found in Africa. The research team hope the specimen will be displayed to the public in Fez in Morocco.这种甲龙是迄今为止发现的最古老的、也是第一个在非洲被发现的甲龙。研究团队希望这个标本能在摩洛哥非斯向公众展出。

It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的，无论我们感受到流感，运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是，有一种成分可以帮助所有这些，并且可以以各种方式使用。Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in the gas trointestinal tract and therefore relieve discomfort and settle upset stomachs."生姜不仅在厨房里有东西 - 它已被用作几个世纪的帮助。 研究始终表明，它缓解了恶心，例如运动疾病，并被NHS推荐作为帮助缓解怀孕疾病的补救措施。 英国饮食协会的营养师和发言人安娜·丹尼尔斯（Anna Daniels）表示，它具有“强大的抗炎特性，有助于减少胃肠道炎症，从而缓解不适并减轻胃部不适的胃部。”And it can help with more than just nausea. Ginger tea has been shown to help fight colds and flu because it encourages perspiration, which in turn reduces feverish symptoms. Gingerol, a bioactive compound in the spice, has been found to help reduce the risk of infections because it supports immune health, including autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. And if you're sporty, there's good news for you too. Studies by the International Journal of Preventative Medicine and The Journal of Pain found that a daily supplement of ginger eased muscle soreness after intense physical activity.它不仅可以帮助恶心。 姜茶已被证明可以帮助抗击感冒和流感，因为它鼓励了出汗，从而减少了发烧的症状。 Gingerol是香料中的生物活性化合物，已被发现有助于降低感染的风险，因为它支持免疫健康，包括自身免疫性疾病，例如类风湿关节炎和狼疮。 而且，如果您运动型，那么您也会有个好消息。 《国际预防医学杂志》和《疼痛杂志》的研究发现，每天的姜补充在激烈的体育锻炼后缓解了肌肉酸痛。So, how can you use ginger? It's an incredibly versatile ingredient and can be used in almost anything from tea to biscuits to fiery stir-fries. Many cafes and supermarkets now sell ginger shots promoting health benefits. Emily Jonzen, author of The Goodness of Ginger and Turmeric, suggests grating it, though she advises "it has a strong flavour and a fieriness to it so introduce it to your cooking a little at a time".那么，如何使用生姜？ 这是一种多才多艺的成分，几乎可以用于从茶到饼干再到火热的炒菜中。 现在，许多咖啡馆和超市都出售生姜镜头，以促进健康益处。 姜和姜黄善良的作者艾米丽·琼森（Emily Jonzen）建议将其磨碎，尽管她建议“它具有强烈的风味和烈性，因此一次将其介绍给您的烹饪。”So, if you like the taste, you could incorporate it into your diet and see if you feel these health benefits.因此，如果您喜欢这种口味，则可以将其纳入饮食中，看看您是否会觉得这些健康益处。

We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道，工作量过多，压力太多会导致倦怠，但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗？ 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了，一切都太无聊了？ 如果是这样，您可能会遭受生锈。Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job. This can affect people who have taken time out from their career for family or personal reasons.当没有足够的挑战以激励您继续工作时，就会发生生锈。 没有一些挑战，您的角色可能很难感受到成长。 如果工作有很多重复且单调的任务，则可能很难看到角色的目的。 在工作中的责任水平低于以前，也可以使工作中的满足感更加困难。 这可能会影响因家庭或个人原因从职业生涯中抽出时间的人。If you think that you might be suffering from rust out, then there are a number of signs to watch out for. You might dread finding your schedule each week and not seeing anything stimulating on it. It might be that you often find yourself clock-watching at work, willing the time to pass.Focus and motivation can drop, leading you to get less done than you had before, or to make more mistakes. You may start to feel apathetic and disengaged towards your job. These feelings can lead to anxiety and depression which can then spread from work into people's personal lives.如果您认为自己可能患有生锈，那么有很多迹象要注意。 您可能会害怕每周找到自己的日程安排，而没有看到任何刺激的东西。 可能是您经常发现自己在工作中观看时钟，愿意通过时间。 专注和动力可能会下降，导致您比以前做得更少，或者犯更多的错误。 您可能会开始感到冷漠，并脱离工作。 这些感觉会导致焦虑和沮丧，然后可以从工作中传播到人们的个人生活中。Finding yourself suffering from rust out can sometimes be an opportunity. Some experts suggest that self-awareness is key. By taking some time to realise what you are really looking for in work and life, you can take steps to re-discover your motivation. Setting yourself goals and allowing yourself to try new things can help you find a new purpose. Considering what you really need for a job can also lead you to find a new one that's better suited to your goals in life.发现自己患有生锈有时可能是一个机会。 一些专家认为自我意识是关键。 通过花一些时间意识到自己在工作和生活中真正寻找的东西，您可以采取步骤重新发现自己的动力。 设定自己的目标并让自己尝试新事物可以帮助您找到新的目标。 考虑到您真正需要的工作也可能会导致您找到一个更适合您人生目标的新工作。

Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全，而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分，他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征，所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的，可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作，它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。

I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制，对吧？因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步：多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备，所有这些令人兴奋的技术，都是为了帮助我们保持健康，而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it’s the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在，我很高兴地告诉大家，我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队，他们在不同的医疗体系中开展类似的工作。我们聚在一起，交流经验，分享数据，这令人无比兴奋。我每年都会参加这个年度会议，这也是我每年最激动人心的一次会议，因为我们感觉自己正在开创一个全新的医学领域。But if we really want to invent the future, we've got to do something different. If we really want to invent the future, we've got to realize that a child's DNA doesn't change over time, but the science is changing all the time. And so what that means is we should sequence your child's DNA, and we should revisit and reanalyze that DNA over and over again to truly create the dream of genome-informed medicine. Because each and every year there will be new insights and new treatments available.但如果我们真的想要创造未来，就必须做一些不同的事情。我们必须认识到：孩子的DNA不会随时间改变，但科学却在不断进步。这意味着我们应该对孩子的DNA进行测序，并且反复重新分析它，从而真正实现“基因组指导医疗”的梦想。因为每一年都会出现新的发现和新的治疗方法。This isn't offered anywhere in the world, but I'm happy to tell you that we are trying to build this. We are building an AI-enhanced digital health platform so that you, your grandchildren, your children, your pediatricians, your health care centers, your employers, your nations can do this at scale.目前，全世界还没有地方提供这种服务，但我很高兴地告诉大家，我们正在努力构建它。我们正在打造一个由人工智能增强的数字健康平台，这样你、你的孩子、你的孙辈、儿科医生、医疗中心、雇主乃至国家，都可以大规模开展这一工作。It's going to take a certain amount of courage to change the way we think about disease, to embrace the knowledge of risk in order to preserve our health, rather than waiting for us and our children to get sick and treating them there. But if we can do this, if we can embrace this, we can save millions of lives and usher in an entirely new era of genome-inspired medicine.要改变我们对疾病的看法，需要一定的勇气。我们必须接纳风险知识，以此来保护我们的健康，而不是等到我们和孩子生病后再去治疗。但如果我们能够做到这一点，如果我们能够拥抱这一理念，我们就能拯救数百万人的生命，并迎来一个由基因组启发的全新时代的医学。

But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It’s going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏，自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说，如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病，单靠现有体系很难跟得上。Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒？为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术？部分原因来自人类心理：把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后，你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your electronic footprint, there's a lot more harm that can be done.另一个原因是隐私担忧。这有点讽刺，但隐私担忧确实存在。你的DNA是一种生物识别信息，有点像指纹。确实存在执法方面的考虑，但如果有人窃取了我的基因组，实际上他们也很难利用它做太多事情；而如果窃取了我的电子足迹或你的电子足迹，就可能造成更多的伤害。So I'm not saying we shouldn't be concerned about privacy. In fact, privacy is protected when you look for genomic information in a medical context, just like it's protected for your psychiatric history and your HIV status and so forth.我并不是说我们不该关心隐私问题。事实上，在医疗情境下查找基因组信息会受到隐私保护，就像精神病史、艾滋病感染状况等信息一样受保护。It's also been confusing to have direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Now, these companies, for the most part, were very honest about what they offered, but they were not protected by these same legal protections as health care. And typical direct-to-consumer companies use a technology called genotyping. So they're looking for various markers in the genome, which is good for ancestry and traits, but not so good for mutations. For that, you really need the sequencing, every single letter of the DNA, and that's 5,000 times more granular.直接面向消费者的基因检测也令人困惑。这些公司在很大程度上对其提供的服务是坦诚的，但它们并不受与医疗保健相同的法律保护。典型的直接检测公司使用的是一种叫做基因分型（genotyping）的技术，因此它们寻找的是基因组中的各种标记，这对祖源和性状分析很有用，但对检测突变并不十分可靠。要检测突变，确实需要测序——也就是读取DNA的每一个碱基——这种方法的精细度高出约5000倍。

Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声，听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当，他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变，这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题，这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施，这让我们心里多少有些安慰，因为我们已经尽力而为，而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上，在发现这个突变后，扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测，如果情况恶化，就能及时治疗。Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mutations suggestive of biotinidase deficiency, which is absolutely necessary for proper brain development. So she takes a simple dietary supplement every day that's kept her brain safe.科拉宝宝，如今已经快九岁了，她被发现携带提示生物素酶缺乏症的突变。这种酶对大脑正常发育至关重要。于是她每天服用一种简单的膳食补充剂，从而保护了她的大脑。We give her a daily vitamin to treat her enzyme deficiency. We had to get creative at first, but now it's part of our routine. I'm just glad we discovered the conditions before there were any symptoms.我们每天给她服用维生素来治疗这种酶缺乏。一开始我们得想办法让她接受，但现在这已经成为生活的一部分。我很庆幸我们在症状出现之前就发现了这个问题。And baby Jacob was one of four children who had mutations that created a predisposition for pediatric or adult onset cancers. Now, in his case, the gene was BRCA2 or “Broca” 2, and nobody in the family knew that it was present. When we found out, we traced it back to his mother, who was surprised but who could then take action.婴儿雅各布则是四个因基因突变而容易患儿科或成年期癌症的孩子之一。他的突变基因是 BRCA2（俗称“布罗卡2”），家里没人知道有这种基因存在。当我们发现后，追溯到他的母亲，她很惊讶，但随后能够采取应对措施。It turns out that I ultimately was carrying a mutation. I had risk-reducing and ultimately life-saving surgery, and I believe it was the right decision so I could be present for my son.结果发现，我自己最终是这个基因突变的携带者。我接受了降低风险、最终挽救生命的手术。我相信这是一个正确的决定，因为这样我才能陪伴在儿子身边。So how can we bring this to every family that wants this insight? Well, there is a newborn screening system around most of the world. It looks for, in the United States, up to 75 treatable conditions, mostly metabolic conditions.那么，我们该如何让每一个希望获得这种洞察的家庭都能受益呢？其实，在世界大多数国家和地区都有新生儿筛查系统。在美国，这种筛查可以检测多达75种可治疗的疾病，其中大多数是代谢性疾病。